La doctora Ashley Brissette, oftalmóloga del Centro Médico NewYork-Presbyterian / Weill Cornell y profesora asistente de oftalmología en Weill Cornell Medicine, dice que esta es una de las principales razones por las que los pacientes acuden a verla.
“Mirar fijamente las pantallas todo el día puede hacer que sus ojos estén más secos, y este es un factor importante en el aumento de la sequedad en todo el mundo”, dice, y ofrece este consejo: “Recuerde tomar descansos de la pantalla. Esto permitirá que los ojos descansen. También es importante recordar parpadear al usar pantallas”.
Un estudio reciente de la Academia Estadounidense de Oftalmología informó que la incidencia anual de DED aumentó del 0,83% en 2005 al 3,02% en 2012, un aumento significativo en un tiempo relativamente corto, y que casi el 8% de las mujeres y el 3% de los hombres en todo el mundo en cada grupo de edad tiene DED.
Sin embargo, muchos casos no se diagnostican.
La doctora Brissette nos dice las causas, los síntomas y el tratamiento de la DED, así como sus vínculos con las enfermedades inflamatorias y la salud mental.
¿Qué es la enfermedad del ojo seco?
El ojo seco puede ocurrir cuando su cuerpo no produce suficientes lágrimas o las lágrimas se evaporan demasiado rápido. Cuando parpadea, las lágrimas se extienden por la superficie del ojo y ayudan a mantener nuestros ojos húmedos y nuestra visión clara.
¿Qué tan común es?
El ojo seco es una de las razones más comunes por las que las personas visitan a un oftalmólogo. Se estima que hasta 30 millones de personas en los Estados Unidos tienen ojo seco y hasta 350 millones en todo el mundo.
¿Cuáles son los síntomas?
El ojo seco no siempre se siente seco. Los síntomas comunes incluyen picazón y ardor, visión borrosa que fluctúa a lo largo del día, sensación de tener algo en el ojo, irritación al usar lentes de contacto y, por último, lagrimeo. Puede sonar curioso que el lagrimeo sea un síntoma de sequedad, pero cuando los ojos están secos, a veces el cuerpo intenta producir muchas lágrimas para compensar, por lo que los ojos comienzan a llorar.
¿Qué lo causa?
Hay muchas causas y, a menudo, las personas tendrán algunas razones por las cuales sus ojos están secos. Sabemos que la sequedad es común a medida que envejecemos, y es muy común en las mujeres, especialmente debido a los cambios hormonales causados por la menopausia. Ciertas enfermedades inflamatorias, como la artritis reumatoide, el síndrome de Sjögren, el lupus y la enfermedad de la tiroides, pueden provocar sequedad. El medio ambiente, como la calidad del aire o la humedad, también es un factor importante.
Además, el tiempo de pantalla es un factor de riesgo bien conocido, porque cuando miramos las pantallas parpadeamos menos, lo que puede resecar los ojos. Para aquellos que trabajan en una computadora todos los días, una buena regla general es 20/20/20: cada 20 minutos mire a 20 pies de distancia durante 20 segundos. Es importante darles a sus ojos tiempo para descansar durante el día.
El uso de lentes de contacto también puede resecar los ojos. Por último, ciertos medicamentos, como los de la presión arterial alta, las alergias, la ansiedad y la depresión, así como las pastillas para dormir, pueden provocar sequedad. Si tiene ojo seco, es importante que hable con su oftalmólogo sobre cualquier medicamento que esté tomando.
La sequedad no se puede curar, pero se puede tratar. Siempre les digo a mis pacientes que el objetivo del tratamiento es tener más días buenos que malos.
¿Qué pasa con la investigación que vincula el ojo seco con las condiciones de salud mental?
La depresión y la ansiedad son más frecuentes en pacientes con enfermedad del ojo seco. Es una comparación difícil de hacer porque sabemos que los medicamentos para estas afecciones pueden contribuir a la sequedad, pero también sabemos que la sequedad a veces puede provocar síntomas de depresión y ansiedad. Por último, los pacientes con depresión y ansiedad pueden ser más sensibles a la sequedad que la persona promedio. Es importante que hable con su oftalmólogo si siente que la sequedad está afectando su vida cotidiana.
¿Se puede curar el DED o es una afección crónica?
Primero, es importante ser diagnosticado adecuadamente. Es necesario un examen ocular completo con su oftalmólogo. Desafortunadamente, la sequedad no se puede curar, pero se puede tratar. Siempre les digo a mis pacientes que el objetivo del tratamiento es tener más días buenos que malos, pero siempre tendremos que tratar la sequedad. Encontrar las causas subyacentes de la sequedad o los desencadenantes que empeoran la sequedad es extremadamente útil.
DE INTERÉS
Tratamiento.
El tratamiento consiste en aumentar la cantidad de lágrimas y mejorar la calidad de las lágrimas. La doctora Brissette recomienda a los pacientes que usen gotas para los ojos de venta libre, como lágrimas artificiales (sin conservantes si se usan más de seis veces al día), hagan una compresa tibia todas las noches en los párpados, laven las pestañas para mantenerlas limpias y coman una dieta Mediterránea rica en omega-3.
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